Class Action Defense Cases–Cohen v. DIRECTV: California Appellate Court Affirms Denial Of Class Action Certification In UCL/CLRA Class Action Holding Class Membership Lacked Commonality

Class Action Alleging Violations of California’s Unfair Competition Law (UCL) and Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA) Properly Denied Class Action Treatment because Putative Class Members Lacked Commonality California Appellate Court Holds

Plaintiff filed a putative class action in California state court against DIRECTV on behalf of satellite television service subscribers alleging false advertising; specifically, the class action complaint alleged that DirecTV violated California’s Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA) and Unfair Competition Law (UCL). Cohen v. DIRECTV, Inc., ___ Cal.App.4th ___ (Cal.App. October 28, 2009) [Slip Opn., at 1, 2]. According to the allegations underlying the class action complaint, defendant used false advertising to induce consumers to “purchase more expensive ‘high definition’ or ‘HD’ services.” _Id._, at 2. Plaintiff alleges that he had the company’s “basic” service, but switched to HD service, at a higher monthly fee and purchasing the new equipment required, based on advertisements promising “higher quality television images,” _id._, at 2. However, the class action alleged that DIRECTV “started tinkering with the HDTV channels making up the HD Package in an effort to preserve bandwidth” and eventually “reduced the bandwidth of transmission from ‘19.4 Mbps’ … to ‘an astonishing 6.6 Mbps,’ and also reduced the ‘horizontal and interlaced vertical lines’ on certain channels.” _Id._ The complaint was premised on the theory that class members had “‘subscribed to DIRECTV’s HD Package based upon DIRECTV’s national advertising and marketing of the HD Package;’ and that DIRECTV ha[d] ‘represented that channels in its HD Package are broadcasted in the . . . 1920x1080i standard and at 19.4 Mbps, which they are not,’ and that DIRECTV has ‘advertised the sale of its HD Package without the intent to provide the customers with broadcasts in the . . . 1920x1080i standard and at 19.4 Mbps.’” _Id._, at 3. Defense attorneys moved the trial court to compel arbitration of the class action claims, but the court denied the motion and the appellate court affirmed. _See Cohen v. DIRECTV, Inc._, 142 Cal.App.4th 1442 (Cal.App. 2006). Eventually, plaintiff moved the trial court to certify the litigation as a nationwide class action, and supported the motion with “print advertising and promotional materials for its HD Package.” _Cohen_, at 4. Defense attorneys opposed class action treatment, and submitted to the trial court declarations from a number of subscribers attesting that they upgraded their service without relying on the company’s print advertising or other promotional materials. _Id._ The trial court denied class action certification, holding that the class was not ascertainable and did not possess a well-defined community of interest because it included subscribers who never saw any DIRECTV ads, or who saw ads that did not reference bandwidth or pixels, or who otherwise were not influenced by the company’s advertising. _Id._, at 5-6. The class definition was thus overbroad, _id._, at 6. Additionally, the laws of each state would govern the claims of their respective class members. _Id._, at 6-7. The trial court therefore denied class action certification, _id._, at 7. Plaintiffs appealed, and the Court of Appeal affirmed.

After summarizing the standard governing class action certification in California, see Cohen, at 8, the appellate court turned to the question of ascertainability. The Court of Appeal held that the trial court erred in finding that the class was not ascertainable because “The defined class of all HD Package subscribers is precise, with objective characteristics and transactional parameters, and can be determined by DIRECTV’s own account records.” Id., at 10. However, the appellate court agreed that the proposed class lacked commonality. First, the appellate court agreed that “subscribers’ legal rights may vary from one state to another state, and that subscribers outside of California may not be protected by the CLRA and UCL.” Id., at 13. The appellate court concluded that it was not error to deny plaintiff’s request to restrict class membership to a state-wide class because even as so limited commonality would not exist. The Court explained at page 13, “The record supports the trial court’s finding that common issue of fact do not predominate over the proposed class because the class would include subscribers who never saw DIRECTV advertisements or representations of any kind before deciding to purchase the company’s HD services, and subscribers who only saw and/or relied upon advertisements that contained no mention of technical terms regarding bandwidth or pixels, and subscribers who purchased DIRECTV HD primarily based on word of mouth or because they saw DIRECTV’s HD in a store or at a friend’s or family member’s home.”

Certification of Class Actions Class Action Court Decisions Uncategorized

Countrywide RESPA Class Action Defense Cases–Alston v. Countrywide: Third Circuit Reverses Dismissal Of RESPA Class Action Alleging Payment Of Kickbacks Holding Plaintiffs Had Standing To Prosecute Class Action

District Court Erred in Dismissing RESPA Class Action because Kickback Prohibition does not Require that Consumers Suffer an Overcharge as a Prerequisite to Prosecuting Claim for RESPA Violation Third Circuit Holds

Plaintiffs filed a putative class action against Countrywide Financial Corporation, Countrywide Home Loans and Balboa Reinsurance Company alleging violations of the federal Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 (RESPA); the class action complaint was “brought by homebuyers who sought to recover statutory treble damages pursuant to section 8(d)(2) of [RESPA], codified at 12 U.S.C. § 2607(d)(2).” Alston v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 585 F.3d 753 (3d Cir. 2009) [Slip Opn., at 1, 3]. According to the allegations underlying the class action complaint, “[plaintiffs’] private mortgage insurance premiums were channeled into an unlawful ‘captive reinsurance arrangement’ – essentially, a kickback scheme – operated by their mortgage lender, Countrywide Home Loans… and its affiliated reinsurer, Balboa Reinsurance…in violation of RESPA section 8(a) and section 8(b),” id., at 3. The class action alleged that “in enacting and amending section 8, Congress bestowed upon the consumer the right to a real estate settlement free from unlawful kickbacks and unearned fees, and Countrywide’s invasion of that statutory right, even without a resultant overcharge, was an injury-in-fact for purposes of Article III standing.” Id. Defense attorneys moved to dismiss the class action complaint for lack of jurisdiction on the ground that “plaintiffs’ monthly PMI premiums were filed with the PID [Pennsylvania Insurance Department] and, therefore, per se reasonable under the filed rate doctrine.” Id., at 7. Defense attorneys also argued that because plaintiffs’ PMI rates had been approved by the state, they could not have suffered an overcharge and, absent an overcharge, they had not suffered the “injury-in-fact” required for Article III standing. Id. The district court granted the motion and dismissed the class action without prejudice. Id., at 3, 7-8. Plaintiffs appealed, and the Third Circuit reversed.

The class action was premised on the theory that Countrywide steered homebuyers who needed PMI insurance to companies that would “reinsure” the PMI policies with Balboa pursuant to a “captive reinsurance arrangement.” Alston, at 5. Further, the lawsuit claimed that because “Balboa did not assume risk commensurate with the amount of premiums it received” – having purportedly collected almost $900 million without paying any money in claims – the premiums paid to Balboa constituted “kickbacks to Countrywide by the primary insurer, in return for Countrywide’s referral of PMI business to the primary insurer, thereby violating RESPA’s anti-kickback provision,” id., at 6. In other words, Countrywide “offered only ‘sham’ reinsurance coverage,” id. Plaintiffs alleged that because of the kickback scheme they were entitled to statutory damages under RESPA even if the scheme did not result in overcharges to the consumer. Id., at 6-7. The Circuit Court defined the issue as follows: “What is before us for decision turns on a question of statutory interpretation—does or does not the plain language of RESPA section 8 indicate that Congress created a private right of action without requiring an overcharge allegation? We conclude that it does. Accordingly, we will reverse the Order of the District Court.” Id., at 3.

Class Action Court Decisions RESPA/TILA Class Actions Uncategorized

Labor Law Class Actions Continue Hold on Top Spot Among Weekly Class Action Lawsuits Filed In California State And Federal Courts

To assist California class action defense attorneys anticipate the types of class action against which they will have to defend, we provide weekly, unofficial summaries of the legal categories for new class action lawsuits filed in California state and federal courts in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, Sacramento, San Diego, San Mateo, Oakland/Alameda and Orange County areas. We include only those categories that include 10% or more of the class action filings during the relevant timeframe.

Class Actions In The News Uncategorized

FCRA Class Action Defense Cases–Gelman v. State Farm: Third Circuit Affirms Dismissal Of Class Action Complaint Holding Mailer Constituted “Firm Offer” Within Meaning Of Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)

Class Action Alleging Violations of FCRA (Fair Credit Reporting Act) Properly Dismissed because Mailer Constituted “Firm Offer” within Meaning of FCRA Third Circuit Holds

Plaintiff filed a putative class action against State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company alleging violations of the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA); specifically, the class action complaint alleged that State Farm obtained credit information in order to send out “prescreened offers” but that it did so in violation of the FCRA. Gelman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 583 F.3d 187, 2009 WL 3163553, *2 (3d Cir. 2009). According to the allegations underlying the class action complaint, in November 2004 State Farm asked Experian for plaintiff’s consumer credit report without his consent, and that he did not learn about it until April 2006, “when he received a copy of his consumer credit report from Experian.” Id. State Farm claimed that it obtained plaintiff’s credit report for a “permissible purpose” within the meaning of the FCRA, and “used it to select [plaintiff] to receive materials pertaining to insurance products that he might qualify for and/or be interested in.” Id. The mailer sent to plaintiff stated that it was a “prescreened offer,” and invited him to contact State Farm for a quote in order to determine whether switching to State Farm as his auto insurance carrier could save him money. Id. The mailer also contained a “prescreen & opt-out notice,” id. The class action alleged that the mailer is nothing more than “an invitation to call State Farm to find out about the various insurance products that State Farm might attempt to sell”; in other words, “the State Farm mailing is nothing more than promotional material soliciting him to contact State Farm regarding its various insurance products and that it is therefore not the kind of firm offer of insurance that would legitimize State Farm’s access to his credit report under federal law.” Id., at *2. Defense attorneys moved to dismiss the class action; the district court granted the motion as to all claims in the class action complaint, id. The Third Circuit affirmed.

The class action alleged that State Farm intentionally or negligently obtained plaintiff’s credit report under false pretenses and without a permissible purpose, and sent an offer of insurance that failed to include the “clear and conspicuous” disclosures required by the FCRA. Gelman, at *2. The complaint sought declaratory and injunctive relief, id. The district court granted State Farm’s motion to dismiss the class action because it found that the mailer “constituted an offer of insurance under the FCRA,” that “the FCRA does not provide for a private right of action to recover for disclosures that are contrary to provisions of the FCRA,” and that “the FCRA does not provide private litigants declaratory and injunctive relief.” Id. We do not here summarize the Circuit Court’s discussion of the legal background behind the FCRA, see id., at *3-*4. The Circuit Court began its legal analysis by addressing the district court’s conclusion that State Farm’s mailer satisfied the FCRA because the offer of insurance need not have “value” to the consumer. Id., at *4. Plaintiff’s theory was premised “exclusively” on the Seventh Circuit opinion in Cole v. U.S. Capital, Inc., 389 F.3d 719 (7th Cir. 2004), which held that a “firm offer” under the FCRA “must have sufficient value for the consumer to justify the absence of the … protection of his privacy.” Id. (quoting Cole, 389 F.3d at 726). (The Third Circuit’s summary of Cole may be found at pages *4 and *5 of its opinion.)

Class Action Court Decisions FCRA Class Actions Uncategorized

Arbitration Class Action Defense Cases–Cicle v. Chase: Eighth Circuit Reverses Denial Of Bank Motion To Compel Arbitration Of Plaintiff’s Class Action Claims On Individual Basis Holding Class Action Waiver Enforceable

District Court Erred in Refusing Motion to Stay Class Action Against Bank and Compel Arbitration of Individual Claim based on Arbitration Clause with Class Action Waiver because Class Action Waiver, and Cost-Sharing Provision, of Arbitration Clause did not Render Provision Unconscionable Eighth Circuit Holds

Plaintiff filed a putative class action in Missouri state court against Chase Bank alleging that it had imposed penalties on credit card holders and that it had violated Missouri’s Merchandising Practices Act (MMPA); in essence, the class action complaint alleged that Chase improperly increased the interest rate charged on credit card balances. Cicle v. Chase Bank USA, 583 F.3d 549, 2009 WL 3172157, *1 (8th Cir. 2009). According to the allegations underlying the class action complaint, plaintiff’s credit card with Chase initially “carried a 7.99% annual percentage rate (APR) on unpaid balances,” but then “increased dramatically, to 25.99%.” Id. When asked about the increase, the Bank responded that “a credit agency had reported her as past due on an unrelated loan or account, so Chase increased the APR from the 7.99% ‘Preferred Customer Pricing’ rate.” Id. Defense attorneys removed for the class action to federal court under CAFA (Class Action Fairness Act of 2005) and on the ground of federal question jurisdiction under the National Bank Act (NBA). Id. The Bank then asked the district court to stay the class action to compel plaintiff to arbitrate her individual claim pursuant to the terms of the arbitration clause in her Cardmember Agreement, which included a class action waiver. Id. The district court denied the defense motion, concluding that the class action waiver and the provisions for cost-sharing were unconscionable under Missouri law, id., at *3. The Eighth Circuit reversed, holding that the class action waiver was neither substantively nor procedurally unconscionable.

The Cardmember Agreement contained an arbitration clause, governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), that required arbitration on an individual basis of any dispute with the bank; specifically, the arbitration clause contained a class action waiver, prohibiting the cardmember from bringing “a class action or other representative action” and precluding the cardmember from being “part of any class action or other representative action.” Cicle, at *1-*2. The arbitration was to be binding, and covered “any claim, dispute or controversy by either you or us against the other, or against the employees, parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, beneficiaries, agents or assigns of the other, arising from or relating in any way to the Cardmember Agreement, any prior Cardmember Agreement, your credit card Account or the advertising, application or approval of your Account (‘Claim’).” Id., at *2. The arbitration clause provided an exception for small claims court matters, id. With respect to costs, the arbitration clause provided that the Bank would pay for the filing fee (up to $500) and, “if there is a hearing, we will pay any fees of the arbitrator and arbitration administrator for the first two days of that hearing.” Id. The agreement provided that all other fees would be “allocated in keeping with the rules of the arbitration administrator and applicable law,” and that each side otherwise would be responsible for their own attorney fees and costs, regardless of whether they prevailed, unless the arbitrator orders otherwise based on “any applicable law.” Id. Reviewing the district court’s decision de novo, see id., at *3, the Eighth Circuit reversed its refusal to enforce the arbitration clause.

Arbitration Class Action Court Decisions Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) Uncategorized

New Labor Law Class Actions Hold Top Spot Among Weekly Class Action Lawsuits Filed In California State And Federal Courts

To assist class action defense attorneys anticipate the types of cases against which they will have to defend in California courts, we provide weekly, unofficial summaries of the legal categories for new class action lawsuits filed in California state and federal courts in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, Sacramento, San Diego, San Mateo, Oakland/Alameda and Orange County areas. We include only those categories that include 10% or more of the class action filings during the relevant timeframe.

Class Actions In The News Uncategorized

Class Action Defense Cases—In re Checking Account Overdraft: Judicial Panel On Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) Grants Defense Plaintiff To Centralize Class Action Litigation In Southern District Of Florida

Judicial Panel Grants Plaintiff Request for Pretrial Coordination of Class Action Lawsuits Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407, Despite Certain Plaintiff and Defense Objections, and Transfers Actions to Southern District of Florida Five class actions – two in California and Florida, and one in New Jersey – were filed against various defendants – including Wachovia Bank, Bank of America and Citibank – “relating to industry-wide bank posting policies and procedures” surrounding overdraft fees.

Class Action Court Decisions Multidistrict Litigation Uncategorized

Class Action Defense Cases–Baghdasarian v. Amazon: California Federal Court Grants Class Action Treatment To UCL/CLRA Class Action Against Amazon.Com Concerning Shipping And Handling Fees

Class Action Complaint Against Amazon Challenging Shipping and Handling Fees Satisfied Rule 23 Requirements for Class Action Treatment California Federal Court Holds Plaintiff filed a putative class action against Amazon.com alleging violations of California’s Unfair Competition Law (UCL) and Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA); specifically, the class action complaint alleged that Amazon, in addition to receiving “a sales commission and a percentage of the sales price for each item sold,” charged shipping and handling fees to buyers “without input from Marketplace Sellers” even though it was the sellers who “took care of packaging and shipping products.

Class Action Court Decisions Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) Uncategorized

Class Action Defense Cases–Comer v. Murphy Oil: Fifth Circuit Reinstates Class Action Alleging Global Warming Exacerbated Damage Caused By Hurricane Katrina

Class Action Alleging Defendants’ Greenhouse Gas Emissions Contributed to Global Warming thereby Increasing Ferocity of Hurricane Katrina Improperly Dismissed because Plaintiffs had Standing to Assert Class Action’s Nuisance, Trespass and Negligence Claims and these Claims did not Present Nonjusticiable Political Questions Fifth Circuit Holds

Plaintiffs filed a putative class action against numerous defendants seeking damages arising from Hurricane Katrina; the class action complaint, filed on behalf of property owners on the Mississippi Gulf coast, alleged that “defendants’ operation of energy, fossil fuels, and chemical industries in the United States caused the emission of greenhouse gasses that contributed to global warming, viz., the increase in global surface air and water temperatures, that in turn caused a rise in sea levels and added to the ferocity of Hurricane Katrina, which combined to destroy the plaintiffs’ private property, as well as public property useful to them.” Comer v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 585 F.3d 855 (5th Cir. 2009) (Slip Opn., at 1). The class action complaint sought “compensatory and punitive damages based on Mississippi common-law actions of public and private nuisance, trespass, negligence, unjust enrichment, fraudulent misrepresentation, and civil conspiracy.” Id., at 2. Defense attorneys moved to dismiss the class action on the grounds of that plaintiffs lacked standing and that the class action claims constituted “nonjusticiable political questions.” Id. The district court granted defendants’ motion and dismissed the class action, id. The Fifth Circuit reversed as to the nuisance, trespass and negligence, concluding that plaintiffs had standing and that the claims do not “present nonjusticiable political questions,” but affirmed the dismissal of the class action’s remaining claims. Id., at 3.

The Circuit Court spent a considerable amount of time on the question of standing, see Comer, at 3-17, but we do not here discuss that aspect of the opinion in detail. We note only that the Fifth Circuit concluded that the class action’s “nuisance, trespass and negligence claims…clearly satisfied the…constitutional minimum standing requirements” because “[t]hese state common-law tort claims, in which plaintiffs allege that they sustained actual, concrete injury in fact to their particular lands and property, can be redressed by the compensatory and punitive damages they seek for those injuries.” Id., at 7-8. The question, then, was “whether any of those claims present a nonjusticiable political question, as the district court believed they did.” Id., at 17. Based on its lengthy analysis, see id., at 18-34, the Circuit Court held that these class action claims could proceed “[b]ecause those claims do not present any specific question that is exclusively committed by law to the discretion of the legislative or executive branch” and accordingly “they are justiciable,” id., at 17. Again, we do not summarize that detailed legal analysis here. Interested readers may find the entire text of the Fifth Circuit opinion below. We simply set forth the Circuit Court’s conclusion, at pages 34 and 35 of the opinion, which states:

Class Action Court Decisions Uncategorized

Class Action Defense Cases–Somers v. Apple: California Federal Court Denies Class Action Certification Of Rule 23(b)(3) Class In Indirect Purchaser Antitrust Class Action But Reserves Ruling On Class Action Treatment Under Rule 23(b)(2)

Class Action Alleging Antitrust Violations on Behalf of Indirect Purchasers Failed to Satisfy Class Action Requirements of Rule 23(b)(3) because no Methodology for Establishing Class Wide Damages but Request for Class Action Certification under Rule 23(b)(2) taken under Submission California Federal Court Holds

Plaintiff filed a putative class action against Apple alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws; specifically, the class action complaint challenged Apple’s sale of music for its iPod through its iTunes online music store. Somers v. Apple, Inc., 258 F.R.D. 354, 355 (N.D. Cal. 2009). According to the allegations underlying the class action complaint, Apple utilizes proprietary hardware and software for its iPod and digital music downloads, Apple’s share of the online music market is 83% and of the online video market is 75%, and Apple “deliberately” makes music and videos purchased at its online store “inoperable with its competitors’ [hardware],” id., at 355-56. The class action alleges that this allows Apple “to charge iPod purchasers a supracompetitive price by preventing consumers who have purchased music files from iTMS from playing their music on Apple’s competitors’ digital media players.” Id., at 356. While a related case sets forth parallel allegations on behalf of consumers who purchased iPod’s directly from Apple, see The Apple iPod iTunes Antitrust Litigation, U.S.D.C. Northern District of California Case No. C 05-00037 JW, this class action is filed on behalf of consumers who made their purchases through third-party vendors. Id. Plaintiff moved the court to certify the litigation as a class action under both Rule 23(b)(2) and (b)(3), id., at 357. Defense attorneys opposed the motion, arguing that “Plaintiff fails to advance class-wide methods of demonstrating individual coercion or damages” and that “a nationwide class is not appropriate, because California antitrust law should not be applied on a nationwide basis.” Id., at 357-58. The district denied the motion.

After summarizing the legal framework surrounding certification of class actions in indirect purchaser antitrust class actions, see Somers, at 358-59, the district court turned to the request for certification under Rule 23(b)(3). (The court assumed without discussion that requirements of Rule 23(a) had been met.) Plaintiff argued that a class action would be manageable because “her expert’s methodology is sufficient to establish damages on a class-wide basis.” Id., at 359. Defense attorneys disagreed, arguing that the expert “fails to demonstrate how all class members suffered injury as a consequence of [Apple’s] alleged anticompetitive activity,” id. The district court held an evidentiary hearing on the competing, proposed methodologies, id., at 360-61, and concluded that plaintiff had not assuaged the court’s concerns as to a method of establishing damages for the class, id., at 361. Accordingly, the court denied class action certification because “Plaintiff has failed to meet her burden of establishing ‘a reliable method for proving common impact on all purchasers of [D]efendant’s products throughout the chain of distribution.’” Id., at 361 (citation omitted). And with respect to plaintiff’s motion for certification of a class under Rule 23(b)(2), the district court noted that it had requested further briefing on this issue and held that “the Court will not rule on this issue until it has greater understanding of the claims, the class definition, and the form of injunctive relief sought by Plaintiff in this case and the Plaintiffs in the parallel Direct Purchaser Action.” Id. Accordingly, it took the latter request under submission. Id.

Certification of Class Actions Class Action Court Decisions Uncategorized